Mystical experiences

Mystical experience and mystics

Over the centuries, a number of “saints” have been considered mystics – that is, they lived lives devoted to God, sought a deep union with God, and experienced God in some direct way. Often these experiences gave them new understandings of life and God.

For some people, mysticism refers to some form of “new age” cosmic consciousness, or similar, perhaps supposedly based on ancient secret wisdom from Egypt or elsewhere.

Many “ordinary” people report some mystical or “peak” experience at some time in their life, often without seeking it, and without ever being considered as mystics. Sometimes these experiences have deep effects on those who receive them, but other times the experience is not as deep, and may simply be called a “religious experience”.

On this page I look at what people experience, how such experiences affect people, how they have been investigated scientifically, and what we may conclude about them. I focus more on the western world, aware that eastern religions have a different perspective, which is sometimes covered in the sources I have used. I generally use the term “mystical” but some of the researchers use “peak” or “religious” – these generally refer to similar experiences though perhaps with different levels of intensity. There are references at the end.

Almost too much for them to bear

The best way to describe the sorts of experiences I am investigating here is to recount a few of them.

A presence

“There was no sensible vision, but the room was filled by a Presence, which in a strange way was both about me and within me. I was overwhelmingly possessed by Someone who was not myself, and yet I felt I was more myself than I had ever been before.”

From the Religious Experience Research Unit at Oxford University, in A sense of presence by Timothy Beardsworth.

A Rationalist’s Mystical Moment

“I stepped out alone, walked into the streets of Lone Pine, Calif., and saw the world — the mountains, the sky, the low scattered buildings — suddenly flame into life. There were no visions, no prophetic voices or visits by totemic animals, just this blazing everywhere. Something poured into me and I poured out into it. This was not the passive beatific merger with “the All,” as promised by the Eastern mystics. It was a furious encounter with a living substance that was coming at me through all things at once, too vast and violent to hold on to, too heartbreakingly beautiful to let go of. It seemed to me that whether you start as a twig or a gorgeous tapestry, you will be recruited into the flame and made indistinguishable from the rest of the blaze. I felt ecstatic and somehow completed, but also shattered.”

Barbara Ehrenreich in the New York Times

The presense of God

“…. all at once I felt the presense of God – I tell of the thing just as I was conscious of it – as if his goodness and his power were penetrating me altogether …. I thanked God that in the course of my life he had taught me to know him, that he sustained my life and took pity both on the insignificant creature and on the sinner that I was. I begged him ardently that my life might be consecrated to the doing of his will. I felt his reply, which was that I should do his will from day to day, in humility and poverty, leaving him the Almighty God, to judge of whether I should some time be called to bear witness more conspicuously. Then, slowly, the ecstasy left my heart; that is, I felt that God had withdrawn the communion, which he had granted.”

From Varieties of Religious Experience by William James, quoted in The Trace of God by Joseph Hinman.

It is evident from these examples that mystical experiences may involve God, or may be more general, and may even occur with those who don’t believe in God.

The scientific study of mystical experiences

Scientific study of these experiences is based on several different approaches:

• Accounts of religious experiences have been collected by groups such as the Religious Experience Research Unit, at Oxford University from 1969 to 1999, then as the Religious Experience Research Centre at the University of Wales. This database of more than 6,000 accounts allows people’s experiences to be examined, categorised and statistical conclusions drawn.
• Reports from psychologists and psychotherapists have been written up and published in scientific journals to provide insights into how spiritual experiences affect people being treated.
• The scientific study of religion, for example as conducted in the Religion and Science Program at Boston University, and by psychologist Andrew Newberg, involves scientific research studies into many aspects of religion, including religious experience.

Scientific findings on mystical experiences

These studies have found that somewhere between 5% and 60% of people report some sort of transcendent experience (depending on how “deeply” the experience is defined), so they are not as rare as we may expect. In addition, a number of features tend to be associated with mystical and religious experiences:

Outcomes of mystical experiences

Studies show that mystical experiences, like religious belief generally (see Faith and wellbeing), mostly produce positive results in people’s lives. The following have been documented by many studies – Hinman has seen over 200 papers on this subject.

Self actualisation

Famed psychologist Abraham Maslow developed his hierarchy of human needs, which said that humans tried to fulfil the following needs, in order from basic to “highest”: psysiological (food, air, sleep, etc), safety, love & belonging, esteem and self actualisation, which he defined as meeting one’s full potential.

Studies show that people who have mystical experiences are more likely to feel self actualised and be psychologically healthy, and have a greater sense of meaning and purpose in life.

• Maslow said self actualisers were more likely to have peak experiences.
• Wuthnow and Noble show a wide range of positive outcomes, including being self-aware, self confident, imaginative, self sufficient, intelligent, relaxed, less materialistic, more loving and compassionate and less dogmatic.
• Greeley found that ”mystics” were generally better educated, more successful economically, and less racist, and they were rated substantially happier on measures of psychological well-being and were in general satisfied with their lives, outcomes supported by Walsh.

Mental health

Studies show that those who have mystical experiences have better mental health than average, in a number of ways.

• Greeley found that mystical experiences are correlated with psychological well-being, and Walsh said that visionary experiences are most often found in those who are psychologically healthy and generally produce long-lasting beneficial effects in the individual.
• Caird tested those who had had a mystical experience against several measures of poor psychological health (neuroticism, psychoticism, and a lie score), and found that there was no correlation.
• Lukoff says that visionary experiences can be distinguished from psychotic experiences because their effects are very different – visionary experiences are transient and have few adverse affects. He concluded that the majority of the experiences he considered are not problematic and do not disrupt psychological, social or occupational functioning.
• Spirituality of various forms is found to be associated with many aspects of wellbeing – reduced rates of depression, suicide, alcohol and drug dependency, delinquency, divorce and mortality – and of course, those who have mystical experiences are generally part of this group (Gartner and Allen).

Physical health

I can find little research on the physical health effects of mystical experiences.

• Richards found that mystical experience helped patients fighting cancer.
• Ludwig found that mystical and spiritual experiences were helpful in some people recovering from alcoholism.
• Many other studies have found that religious belief, which includes many people who have had mystical experiences, is helpful in a wide range of physical conditions.

Finding one’s way in life

People who have had mystical experiences tend to cope with the difficulties of life better. Sullivan, do Rozario, Ryan and others have found that those who have had mystical experiences tend to cope better with difficulties such as childhood violence, disability or chronic illness. However it is also true that childhood victims are more likely to have mystical and spiritual experiences in later life, so the causation can go both ways.

Explanations of mystical experiences

Explanations based on atypical human behaviour

It seems clear, then, that none of these “abormal” aspects of human psychology can explain the majority of mystical experiences. Newberg and D’Aquili write:

… we do not believe that genuine mystical experiences can be explained away as the results of epileptic hallucinations or …. triggered by drugs, illness, physical exhaustion, emotional stress or sensory deprivation. … Instead, they may be produced by sound, healthy minds …

The main arguments for this conclusion are that:

1. Many more people have mystical experiences than suffer any of the above conditions, and they generally achieve more in life and have greater wellbeing.
2. Mystical experiences have many features that are not found in these conditions. For example, according to Newberg & D’Aquili, they occur more rarely in any individual and are much more real and complex than the experiences of epileptics and psychotics.
3. Newberg & D’Aquili have conducted neuro-imaging studies to show that, neurologically, mystical experiences are not the same as these other “abnormal” experiences.

Psychology and neuroscience

Psychology is the study of behaviour; neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system. Psychology gains its information by observing or questioning people; neuroscience gains its information by physical measurement, for example, by brain scans or neuro-imaging. Often the two work together, so that neuroscience measures brain activity accompanying the behaviour that psycholoogy is observing.

It is clear from all the above review that only a minority of mystical experiences are caused by abnormal psychology and neurology, and the majority arise from people with normal psychology and neurology. So the question arises: what causes them?

There are three obvious answers:

1. There is an evolutionary reason why people have these experiences.
2. A transcendent spiritual being actually contacts people.
3. Both of the above.

Mystical experience and our brains

If mystical experiences have an evolutionary origin, then they must have been associated with something that increased the likelihood of survival of the individual. Since religious belief and mystical experiences have been shown to provide many health benefits which reduce mortality, it seems likely that our brains evolved in ways which allow them.

Andrew Newberg says that our brains perform two primary functions – self-maintenance and self-transcendence – and have to keep these in balance. Self-maintenance is necessary for survival, but it is very limiting, and self-transcendence helps us keep a larger perspective.

The interesting thing is that religion performs the same functions, and so assists the brain, and thus promotes survival. For example religious belief tends to exercise control over destructive behaviours, while also helping us feel in control in an uncertain and terrifying world. So, Newberg says, belief in God seems to be “built-in” to our brains’ functioning.

This accords with the findings of many cognitive scientists, that a propensity towards religious belief, especially belief in a creator, is innate.

Newberg believes his research shows that religious belief is the natural disposition of a healthy brain, although our choices about belief (whether atheism or theism) modify our brains so the brains of atheists and believers become wired differently.

Does this rule out God actually existing?

Some say that neuroscience shows that God isn’t necessary to explain religious belief. But other researchers point out that if God exists, he would be known and we would think about him using our brains in exactly the same way as would be the case if belief was caused only by our brains. Andrew Newberg:

whether or not God exists “out there” is something that neuroscience cannot answer

Mystical experience and God

So are there any reasons to believe that God is the ultimate source of mystical experiences?

No-one I have read suggests mystical experience provides proof that God exists, except maybe to the one experiencing God in that way. So how should we examine this question? Hinman suggests the following approach.

Verifying experience

Mystical experiences are very personal and are not amenable to scientific analysis – for example, they cannot be produced on demand the same way religious practices like prayer and meditation can. In any case, even if science could analyse the experience, the existence of God as a cause is beyond direct empirical testing.

So we must rely on sense experience, which is not perfectly reliable, but which is nevertheless an important source of genuine knowledge. Philosophers (e.g. G Mattey) have developed ways to approach sense experience, which he calls a “fallible foundation”. Nevertheless, we rely on sense experience all the time to know about the external world and other people

He suggests we are prima facie or initially justified in accepting things are the way they appear if (1) it does appear that they are that way, and (2) there is no reason to think that something has gone wrong.

We can set criteria to test these two requirements, for example:

• our senses perceive things that way;
• there is no alternative causality that suggests our senses have perceived wrongly;
• there is no good reason to think our senses have perceived wrongly;
• our perceptions are regular and consistent; and
• we have confirmation of our perceptions from others.

The argument from mystical experiences to God

On this basis, it can be argued that mystical experiences provide a good reason to believe that God exists. The argument goes like this ….

Thus mystical experiences appear to provide prima facie justification to infer that they genuinely can put people in contact with the divine.

Objections

Different views of God

The most obvious objection to the reality of mystical experiences is that they occur among all religions, and sometimes even atheists. This would be an objection against identifying the divine source of the experiences with one particular religious tradition, but mystics seldom make dogmatic statements about the being they believe they have experienced (mystical experiences are often regarded as ineffable). Provided only general claims about God are made, it seems to me that this objection is not strong.

Ineffable?

If mystical experiences are ineffable, how can we make judgments about their content?

The main arguments for the validity of these experiences are the measurable results in the subsequent lives of the recipients. And while experiencers find themselves unable to express the depths of their experience, they are able to describe the main details, which is enough for the purposes of the argument here.

Preference for a natural explanation

Some people have a preference for a natural explanation, some are happy to accept a more transcendent one. I am happy to leave it at that.

Conclusion

In summary, mystical experiences have been shown to be positive, life-affirming, healing, and consistent with the idea of a loving God, and less consistent with other assumptions. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that they provide useful evidence for the existence of God. Whether that evidence is enough to convince, either on its own, or cumulatively when considered with other evidence, is for each of us to decide.